Cardionerds: A Cardiology Podcast

A 50-year-old woman presents to establish care. Her medical history includes COPD, prediabetes, and hypertension. She is being treated with chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, and a tiotropium inhaler. She denies chest pain, dyspnea on exertion, or lower extremity edema.

On physical exam, blood pressure is 154/88 mmHg, heart rate is 90 beats/min, and respiration rate is 22 breaths/min with an oxygen saturation of 94% breathing ambient room air. BMI is 36 kg/m². Jugular venous pulsations are difficult to assess due to her body habitus. Breath sounds are distant, with occasional end-expiratory wheezing. Heart sounds are distant, and extra sounds or murmurs are not detected. Extremities are warm and without peripheral edema. B-type natriuretic peptide level is 28 pg/mL (28 ng/L).

A chest radiograph shows increased radiolucency of the lungs, flattened diaphragms, and a narrow heart shadow consistent with COPD. An electrocardiogram shows evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. The echocardiogram showed normal LV and RV function with no significant valvular abnormalities.

In which stage of HF would this patient be classified?

A

Stage A: At Risk for HF

B

Stage B: Pre-HF

C

Stage C: Symptomatic HF

D

Stage D: Advanced HF

Explanation

The correct answer is A – Stage A or at risk for HF.

This asymptomatic patient with no evidence of structural heart disease or positive cardiac biomarkers for stretch or injury would be classified as Stage A or “at risk” for HF.

The ACC/AHA stages of HF emphasize the development and progression of disease with specific therapeutic interventions at each stage. Advanced stages and disease progression are associated with reduced survival. The stages were revised in this edition of guidelines to emphasize new terminologies of “at risk” for Stage A and “pre-HF” for Stage B.

At Stage A, emphasis is placed on the prevention of structural heart disease by aggressive risk factor modification. Healthy lifestyle habits, including regular physical activity, maintaining a normal weight, healthy dietary habits, and avoiding smoking, help reduce the future risk of HF.

For patients with established hypertension, coronary disease, or diabetes, optimal control of risk factors is crucial.

For hypertension, the SPRINT trial and subsequent meta-analysis of 35 BP-lowering trials have demonstrated a substantial reduction in incident HF and mortality with aggressive BP control.

For diabetes, SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated reductions in HF hospitalizations regardless of baseline HF status.

Screening patients “at risk” for HF for disease progression may be beneficial. The STOP-HF study randomized patients with risk factors but without established LV systolic dysfunction or symptomatic HF to screening with BNP testing or usual care. Screening with BNP followed by an echocardiogram and referral to a cardiovascular specialist for those with levels ≥50 pg/mL led to a reduction in the composite endpoint of incident asymptomatic LV dysfunction with or without newly diagnosed HF. Accordingly, BNP or NT–proBNP–based screening followed by team-based care, including a cardiovascular specialist, has a Class 2a (LOE B-R) recommendation in patients at risk of developing HF to prevent the development of LV dysfunction or new-onset HF.

Our patients should be counseled on healthy lifestyles, smoking cessation, and weight loss. Her anti-hypertensive regimen should be intensified for blood pressure optimization. Her ASCVD risk should be calculated, and counseling regarding statin use should be provided accordingly. If she develops overt diabetes, she should be started on an SGLT-2 inhibitor. Given her BNP level, she does not currently warrant further evaluation with an echocardiogram or referral to a specialist.

Main Takeaway

Patients with Stage A HF are those who are at risk for HF but are without symptoms, structural heart disease, or cardiac biomarkers of stretch or injury. At this stage, the emphasis should be on identifying and modifying risk factors.

Guideline Loc.

Sections 2.1 and 4.2