Luminous English

When people reflect on what it takes to be mentally fit, the first idea that comes to mind is usually intelligence. The smarter you are, the more complex the problems you can solve—and the faster you can solve them. Intelligence is traditionally viewed as the ability to think and learn. Yet in a turbulent world, there’s another set of cognitive skills that might matter more: the ability to rethink and unlearn.

Imagine that you’ve just finished taking a multiple-choice test, and you start to second-guess one of your answers. You have some extra time—should you stick with your first instinct or change it?

About three quarters of students are convinced that revising their answer will hurt their score. Kaplan, the big test-prep company, once warned students to “exercise great caution if you decide to change an answer. Experience indicates that many students who change answers change to the wrong answer.”

With all due respect to the lessons of experience, I prefer the rigor of evidence. When a trio of psychologists conducted a comprehensive review of thirty-three studies, they found that in every one, the majority of answer revisions were from wrong to right.

This phenomenon is known as the first-instinct fallacy.

In one demonstration, psychologists counted eraser marks on the exams of more than 1,500 students in Illinois. Only a quarter of the changes were from right to wrong, while half were from wrong to right. I’ve seen it in my own classroom year after year: my students’ final exams have surprisingly few eraser marks, but those who do rethink their first answers rather than staying anchored to them end up improving their scores.

Of course, it’s possible that second answers aren’t inherently better; they’re only better because students are generally so reluctant to switch that they only make changes when they’re fairly confident.

But recent studies point to a different explanation: it’s not so much changing your answer that improves your score as considering whether you should change it.

We don’t just hesitate to rethink our answers. We hesitate at the very idea of rethinking. Take an experiment where hundreds of college students were randomly assigned to learn about the first-instinct fallacy. The speaker taught them about the value of changing

their minds and gave them advice about when it made sense to do so.

On their next two tests, they still weren’t any more likely to revise their answers.

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📚هایلایت قسمت 02 کتاب Think Again

(بخش دوم مقدمه)

✅ mentally fit: آماده از نظر ذهنی

✅ intelligence : هوش

✅ solve : حل کردن

✅ traditionally : بطور مرسوم

✅ ability : توانایی

✅ turbulent world : دنیای آشفته

✅ cognitive skills : مهارتهای شناختی

✅ rethink : دوباره فکر کردن

✅ unlearn : کنار گذاشتن آموخته های قبلی

✅ multiple-choice : چند گزینه ای

✅ second-guess : شک کردن

✅ instinct : حس اولیه

✅ convince: متقاعد کردن

✅ score : نمره

✅ test-prep: آموزشی

✅ caution : احتیاط

✅ experience : تجربه

✅ indicate : نشان دادن

✅ prefer : ترجیح دادن

✅ rigor : دقت

✅ evidence : مدرک

✅ conduct: انجام دادن

✅ comprehensive : جامع

✅ review : بررسی

✅ majority : اکثریت

✅ phenomenon : پدیده

✅ First-Instinct : حس اولیه

✅ fallacy : اشتباه

✅ Demonstration : نمونه

✅ surprisingly : بطور شگفت انگیزی

✅ rather than : نسبت به

✅ anchor : لنگر

✅ inherently : اساسا

✅ fairly confident : کاملا مطمئن

✅ explanation : توضیح

✅ hesitate : درنگ کردن

✅ randomly : بطور تصادفی

✅ assign: تعیین کردن

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