Grey Beards on Storage

We talked with Andy Warfield (@AndyWarfield), VP Distinguished Engineer, Amazon, about 10 years ago, when at Coho Data (see our (005:) Greybeards talk scale out storage … podcast). Andy has been a good friend for a long time and he’s been with Amazon S3 for over 5 years now. Since the recent S3 announcements at AWS Re:Invent, we thought it a good time to have him back on the show. Andy has a great knack for explaining technology, I suppose that comes from his time as a professor but whatever the reason, he was great to have on the show again.

Lately, Andy’s been working on S3 Express, One Zone storage, announced last November, a new version of S3 object storage with lower response time. We talked about this later in the podcast but first we touched on S3’s history and other advances. S3 and its ancillary services have advanced considerably over the years. Listen to the podcast to learn more

S3 is ~18 years old now and was one of the first AWS offerings. It was originally intended to be the internet’s file system which is why it was based on HTTP protocols.

Andy said that S3 was designed for 11-9s durability and high availability options. AWS constantly monitors server and storage failures/performance to insure that they can maintain this level of durability. The problem with durability is that when a drive/server goes down, the data needs to be rebuilt onto another drive before another drive fails. One way to do this is to have more replicas of the data. Another way is to speed up rebuild times. I’m sure AWS does both.

S3 high availability requires replicas across availability zones (AZ). AWS availability zone data centers are carefully located so that they are power-networking isolated from others data centers in the region. Further, AZ site locations are deliberately selected with an eye towards ensuring they are not susceptible to similar physical disasters.

Andy discussed other AWS file data services such as their FSx systems (Amazon FSx for Lustre, for OpenZFS, for Windows File Server, & for NetApp ONTAP) as well as Elastic File System (EFS). Andy said they sped up one of these FSx services by 3-5X over the last year.

Andy mentioned one of the guiding principles for lot of AWS storage is to try to eliminate any hard decisions for enterprise developers. By offering FSx files, S3 objects and their other storage and data services, customers already using similar systems in house can just migrate apps to AWS without having to modify code.

Andy said one thing that struck him as he came on the S3 team was the careful deliberation that occurred whenever they considered S3 API changes. He said the team is focused on the long term future of S3 and any API changes go through a long and deliberate review before implementation.

One workload that drove early S3 adoption was data analytics. Hadoop and BigTable have significant data requirements. Early on, someone wrote an HDFS interface to S3 and over time lots of data analytics activity moved to S3 object hosted data.

Databases have also changed over the last decade or so. Keith mentioned that many customers are foregoing traditional data bases to use open source database solutions with S3 as their backend storage. It turns out that Open Table Format database offerings such as Apache Iceberg, Apache Hudi and Delta Lake are all available on AWS use S3 objects as their storage

We talked a bit about Lambda Server-less processing triggered by S3 objects. This was a new paradigm for computing when it came out and many customers have adopted Lambda to reduce cloud compute spend.

Recently Amazon introduced a file system Mount point for S3 storage. Customers can now use an NFS mount point to access any S3 bucket.

Amazon also supports the Registry for Open Data, which holds just about every canonical data set (stored as S3 objects) used for AI training.

In the last ReInvent, Amazon announced S3 Express One Zone which is a high performance, low latency version of S3 storage. The goal for S3 express was to get latency down from 40-60 msec to less than 10 sec.

They ended up making a number of changes to S3 such as:

• Redesigned/redeveloped some S3 micro services to reduce latency



• Restricted S3 Express storage to a single zone reducing replication requirements, but maintained 11-9s durability



• Used higher performing storage



• Re-designed S3 API to move some authentication/verification to the beginning of object access from every object access call.

Somewhere during our talk Andy said that, in aggregate, S3 is providing 100TBytes/sec of data bandwidth. How’s that for a scale out storage.

Andy Warfield, VP Distinguished Engineer, Amazon

Andy is a Vice President and Distinguished Engineer in Amazon Web Services. He focusses primarily on data storage and analytics.

Andy holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge, where he was one of the authors of the Xen hypervisor. Xen is an open source hypervisor that was used as the initial virtualization layer in AWS, among multiple other early cloud companies. Andy was a founder at Xensource, a startup based on Xen that was subsequently acquired by Citrix Systems for $500M. Following XenSource,

Andy was a professor at the University of British Columbia (UBC), where he was awarded a Canada Research Chair, and a Sloan Research Fellowship. As a professor, Andy did systems research in areas including operating systems, networking, security, and storage.

Andy’s second startup, Coho Data, was a scale-out enterprise storage array that integrated NVMe SSDs with programmable networks. It raised over 80M in funding from VCs including Andreessen Horowitz, Intel Capital, and Ignition Partners.